Immunological and Clinical Aspects of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2

Authors

  • Andalib, Ali Reza Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
  • Radandish, Maedeh Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Abstract:

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 from the family Coronaviridae, was first reported in December 2019 in China. The disease have mild or severe symptoms such as fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by severe inflammation, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and dysfunction of other organs. In this narrative review study, the search was conducted on related studies published during January- October 2020 in Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases using the keywords Covid-19, Immunology, and Immunopathogenesis. Among abundant and mostly repetitive information, the immunological aspects were selected. The SARS-CoV-2 can enter the cell by binding to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and Trans-Membrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) on the surface of lung epithelial cells. The main pathogenic mechanism of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is the stimulation of inflammatory response followed by damage to the alveoli of lung tissue. In uncontrolled immune responses, the infiltration of macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and inflammatory T cells into the alveoli increases which leads to tissue damage in the lungs and other organs by overproduction of inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Interleukin 6 (IL-8), Interferon gamma (IFNγ), etc. The Natural Killer (NK) and T cell dysfunction, lymphopenia, and infection of immune cells such as monocytes with ADE mechanism are factors causing the body’s failure in resistance to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on the clinical symptoms and the results of molecular tests (e.g. Polymerase Chain Reaction test), or computerized tomography scan followed by serological tests and measuring biochemical factors in the blood (e.g. lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein, dimerized plasmin fragment D, etc.). Due to the association of the severity of COVID-19 with the uncontrolled immune response of the host, targeting any of the immunopathological pathways to inhibit inflammatory responses can be considered as potential therapeutic goals. The use of immune system regulators such as chloroquine, corticosteroids, inflammatory cytokine blockers such as anti-IL-6, anti-IL-1, and cell therapy at the right time have an enhanced effect on the recovery of the disease or inhibit the disease progression.

Upgrade to premium to download articles

Sign up to access the full text

Already have an account?login

similar resources

SARS-COV-2 Virus; Immune Responses and The Immunopathogenesis

Abstract Background and Objectives Clinical features of SARS-COV-2 virus include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, and shortness of breath, and in severe forms it leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation, septic shock, and ultimately death. Excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 leads to cytokine storms in this disease. The emergence of new va...

full text

A narrative review of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical manifestations

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major global concern. As of writing this manuscript, there are over 224 million cases diagnosed with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 4.5 million recorded deaths by the disease. Objectives: This review article investigates studies conducted on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, transmission, and different cl...

full text

Whole-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: from fear to hope

Undoubtedly, vaccination can be one of the promising approaches to control infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Inactivated viral vaccines have a history of "vaccine-induced enhanced disease", which may occur when neutralizing antibodies bind to viral antigens without blocking or clearing the infection. This can cause additional inflammation through the mechanisms described for ot...

full text

SARS-CoV-2 infection: its psychiatric manifestations

Background:  The clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection was initially dominated by respiratory symptoms. However the clinical spectrum is wide and neuropsychiatric syndromes are also a source of medical concern. Our aims are to present an atypical clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection characterized by auditory hallucinations and unusual behavior and to emphasize the diversity of ...

full text

The Comparison of Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection between Pediatric and Adults

SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the recent pandemic in the world. It has been recently recognized as a challenge for public health and a significant cause of severe illness in all age groups. Young children and older people are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, children usually present mild symptoms compared to adult patients. The relatio...

full text

مروری به بررسی ایمونولوژیکی SARS-Cov-2

زمینه و هدف  بیماری کووید-19 یک بیماری عفونی به‌شدت مسری می‌باشد که توسط یک کروناویروس جدید ایجاد می‌شود که می‌تواند از انسان به انسان از طریق تماس نزدیک منتقل شود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اطلاعات جدید در زمینه ایمونولوژی کووید-19 می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها در مطالعه مروری حاضر، از موتورهای جستجوی Google و Google Scholar و مقالات نمایه شده در پایگاه‌های علمی معتبر بین‌المللی از جمله Pub Med، MedLi...

full text

My Resources

Save resource for easier access later

Save to my library Already added to my library

{@ msg_add @}


Journal title

volume 24  issue 6

pages  592- 613

publication date 2021-01

By following a journal you will be notified via email when a new issue of this journal is published.

Keywords

No Keywords

Hosted on Doprax cloud platform doprax.com

copyright © 2015-2023